This article is about the Chancellor of the Exchequer. For the rugby union player, see Gordon Brown (rugby player).

The Rt Hon Dr Gordon Brown
Image:Gordon Brown portrait.jpg Gordon Brown chairing an IMF meeting in 2004
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Incumbent
Assumed�office� May 2, 1997
Preceded�by	Kenneth Clarke
Succeeded�by	Incumbent
Born	February 20 1951 (age�56) Glasgow, Scotland
Constituency	Kirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath
Political�party	Labour
Spouse	Sarah Macaulay
Religion	Church of Scotland
Signature

James Gordon Brown (born 20 February 1951) is the Chancellor of the Exchequer of the United Kingdom and a Labour Party politician. From 1983 to 2005 he was the Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of Dunfermline East in Fife, and following a reorganisation of parliamentary constituencies in Scotland he is now MP for Kirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath.

Brown has headed HM Treasury since May 1997, making him the longest continuously serving Chancellor since Nicholas Vansittart (1812-1823). He is regarded as the second most powerful member of the current British government after Tony Blair, and is expected to be elected the next leader of the Labour Party replacing Blair and thus become Prime Minister, before the Labour Party Conference in September 2007.Daily Mail

Early and private life

His father, John, was a Church of Scotland minister. While at Kirkcaldy High School Brown did exceptionally well and entered the University of Edinburgh at the age of 16. While a student he suffered a detached retina in a rugby accident that left him blind in his left eye; for a time he faced the prospect of total blindness.Will he? Won't he?, The Guardian, 26 September, 2004 Brown studied History at Edinburgh, graduating with First Class Honours. Brown stayed at Edinburgh to complete his Doctorate, titled The Labour Party and Political Change in Scotland 1918-29. According to biographer Tom Bower, Brown originally intended his thesis to cover the development of the Labour movement from the seventeenth century onwards, but evolved to more modestly describe "Labour's struggle to establish itself as the alternative to the Conservatives [in the early part of the 20th century]".

Before entering Parliament and while still a student, Brown was elected RectorBrown's first taste of power BBC News 15 July 2005 of Edinburgh University and Chairman of the University Court; he also edited The Red Paper on Scotland.About The Red Paper on Scotland Red Paper on Scotland website. Brown lectured at Edinburgh and then at Glasgow College of Technology before working as a journalist at Scottish Television. In the 1979 general election, Brown stood for the Edinburgh South constituency, but lost to the Conservative candidate, Michael Ancram. In 1986, he published a biography of the Independent Labour Party politician James Maxton, the subject of his Ph.D thesis.

Brown married Sarah Macaulay at his home in North Queensferry, Fife, on 3 August 2000 after a four-year courtship. She is a public relations executive and was, until 2001, Chief Executive of Hobsbawm Macaulay, the consultancy firm she owned with Julia Hobsbawm – daughter of the notable Marxist historian Eric Hobsbawm. On 28 December 2001, a daughter, Jennifer Jane, was born prematurely and died on 8 January 2002. Their second child, a son, John, was born on 17 October 2003. Their third child, a son, James Fraser, was born on 17 July 2006; it was reported on 29 November 2006 that he was diagnosed with cystic fibrosis. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2-2478775,00.html

Brown has been a Raith Rovers F.C. supporter since childhood and is a member of the consortium which led a community buy-out of the club in December 2005.

Brown has two brothers: John Brown, Head of Public Relations in the Glasgow City Council and Andrew Brown, a PR consultant for the French-owned utility company EDF Energy.

Early parliamentary career

He was elected to Parliament as a Labour MP for Dunfermline East in 1983, becoming opposition spokesman on Trade and Industry in 1985, then Shadow Chief Secretary to the Treasury and Shadow Secretary of State for Trade and Industry, before becoming Shadow Chancellor in 1992.

After the sudden death of John Smith, Brown was one of those tipped as a potential party leader. It has long been rumoured that a deal was struck between the two men at the Granita restaurant in Islington, that Blair promised to give Brown complete control of economic policy in return for Brown not standing against him in the leadership election. Whether this is true or not, the relationship between Blair and Brown has been central to the fortunes of "New Labour", and they have mostly remained united in public despite reported serious private rifts.

As Shadow Chancellor, Brown worked hard to present himself as a fiscally competent Chancellor-in-waiting, to reassure business and the middle class that Labour could be trusted to run the economy without fuelling inflation, increasing unemployment, or overspending -- legacies of the 1970s. He committed Labour to following the Conservatives' spending plans for the first two years after taking power. Once this two-year period was over, his 2000 Spending Review outlined a major expansion of government spending (particularly on health and education).

Chancellor of the Exchequer

Many British political commentators have stated^{[citation�needed]} that Gordon Brown was appointed Chancellor as the result of a power brokerage agreement with Tony Blair.

On taking office as Chancellor, Brown surprised many by giving the Bank of England operational independence in monetary policy, and thus responsibility for setting interest rates -- a policy devised by Ed Balls, his long-time chief economic adviser and now an MP and the Economic Secretary to the Treasury. The Conservatives opposed this until 1999, as a prelude to the abolishment of the Pound and entrance into the Euro zone, whilst Bank of England independence had been a key plank of Liberal Democrat economic policy since the 1992 general election.

Under Brown the windfall 'telecoms' radio spectrum auctions gathered £22.5 Billion for the government, by using a system of sealed bids and only selling a restricted number of licences, they extracted the high prices from the telecom operators. Some commentators have said this caused a depression in the supporting industries and the loss of 30,000 jobs that year in the European IT sector. This, coupled with the German radio spectrum auctions, has been identified by some as the primary cause of the 2001 depression in the European IT industry.

Tax policy

Brown adhered to Labour's 1997 election pledge of not increasing the basic or higher rates of income tax, and reduced the starting rate from 20% to 10% in 1999 and the basic rate from 23% to 22% in 2000.Figures from A survey of the UK tax system Adam, S. and J. Browne, Institute for Fiscal Studies, Briefing Note No. 9, March 2006 This 10% rate is set at a low threshold, and therefore, as a low rate, is something of a gimick, and still requires many low paid part time workers to have to pay small amounts of tax.

Brown has increased the tax thresholds in line with inflation, rather than earnings, which rise more quickly during periods of economic growth^{[citation�needed]}. This results in fiscal drag in which more taxpayers are drawn into the upper rates (e.g. in 2000-01 there were 2,880,000 higher-rate taxpayers, whereas in 2005-06 there were 3,160,000).Ibid. In effect, this is a tax increase, although one which is only the result of people becoming richer. Corporation tax has fallen under Brown, from a main rate of 33% to 30%, and from 24% to 19% for small businesses.Ibid.

In his April 2002 budget, Brown raised national insurance to pay for health spending; this is a tax on income separate from personal income tax. Brown has changed tax policy in other ways, such as the working tax credits. This is one of several ideas borrowed from the US Clinton administration whereby welfare payments are accounted for as negative taxation. The separate means-testing process for tax credits has been criticised by some as bureaucratic, and in 2003-04 and 2004-05 problems in the system led to overpayments of £2.2bn and £1.8bn respectivelyMore get tax credit overpayments BBC News, 31 May 2006 However, economic theory suggests that tax credits can strengthen work incentives for those at the margin between employment and unemployment, and the IFS has estimated that the reforms brought at least 50,000 single mothers into part-time work.The impact of tax and benefit changes between April 2000 and April 2003 on parents' labour supply Blundell, R., M. Brewer and A. Shepherd, Institute for Fiscal Studies, Briefing Note No. 52, 2004

In practice Brown's policies have resulted in the poorest fifth of households comparatively paying more tax and receiving a lower share of benefits since Labour's election victory in 1997. The Centre for Policy Studies found that the poorest fifth of households accounted for 6.9% of all taxes paid in 2004-5, up from 6.8% in 1996-7. Meanwhile, their share of state benefit payouts dropped from 28.1% to 27.1% over the same period.Poor lose out in Brown's tax reforms, The Times 3 September 2006.

According to the OECD UK taxation has increased from a 39.3% share of GDP in 1997 to 42.4% in 2006, going to a higher level than Germany.General Government Outlays as percentage of GDP OECD This increase has mainly been attributed to active government policy, and not simply to the growing economy. To have brought this about with only one explicit tax rise has led to accusations of Brown imposing stealth taxes.^{[citation�needed]} One such stealth tax is the tax applied on pensions savings - these savings themselves are also subject to income taxes.

Brown has pointed to two main accomplishments: growth and employment. An OECD reportOECD Economic Outlook No. 78 Annex Tables - Table of Contents OECD shows UK economic growth has averaged 2.7% between 1997 and 2006, higher than the Eurozone's 2.1% though lower than any other English-speaking country. UK unemployment is 5.5%,National Statistics Unemploment rate down from 7% in 1997 and lower than the Eurozone's average of 8.1%.

Between 1999 and 2002 Brown sold 60% of the UK's gold reserves at $275 an ounce.HM Treasury review of UK gold reserves sales It was later attacked as a "disastrous foray into international asset management"Brown's gold sale losses pile up as bullion price surges Scotsman.com website 28 November 2005 as he had sold at close to a 20-year low. Prices went on to reach $700 an ounce in May 2006 - he could have raised £4bn for the public had he waited.Fury over the great gold sale, opinion piece by Alex Brummer, Gold Anti-Trust Action Committee website. He pressured the IMF to do the same [1], but it sensibly resisted.

In October 1997, Brown took control of the United Kingdom's membership of the European single currency issue by announcing the Treasury would set five economic testsThe five tests The Guardian 29 September 2000 to ascertain whether the economic case had been made. In June 2003 the Treasury indicated the tests had not been met.UK 'not yet ready for the euro' BBC, 9 June 2003

Brown's lengthy period as Chancellor of the Exchequer has set several records. He is the longest-serving Labour Chancellor of the Exchequer (ahead of Denis Healey, who was Chancellor for 5 years and 2 months from 5 March 1974 to 4 May 1979). On 15 June 2004, he became the longest continuous serving Chancellor of the Exchequer since the Reform Act 1832, passing the figure of 7 years and 43 days set by David Lloyd George (1908–1915). However, William Gladstone was Chancellor for a total of 12 years and 4 months in the period from 1852 to 1882 (although not continuously). Brown's Chancellorship has seen the longest period of sustained economic growth in UK history, although some economists point-out this growth period started under the preceding Conservative government in 1993 after the UK's exit from the Exchange Rate Mechanism.^{[citation�needed]}

Brown has been a supporter of Third World debt reduction for some time.

In October 2004 Tony Blair announced he would not lead the party into a fourth general election, but would serve a full third term. Political controversy over the relationship between Brown and Blair continued up to the 2005 election, which Labour won with a reduced parliamentary majority and reduced vote share. The two campaigned together but the British media remained - and remains - full of reports on their mutual acrimony.^{[citation�needed]} Blair stated on 7 September 2006 he will step down before the September 2007 Labour Party conference.

Global development and sustainability

On April 20, 2006, in a speech to the United Nations Ambassadors, Brown outlined a "Green" view of global development:

"... far from being at odds with each other, our economic objectives and our environmental objectives now increasingly reinforce each other. ... Environmental sustainability is not an option - it is a necessity. For economies to flourish, for global poverty to be banished, for the well-being of the world's people to be enhanced - not just in this generation but in succeeding generations - we have a compelling and ever more urgent duty of stewardship to take care of the natural environment and resources on which our economic activity and social fabric depends. ... A new paradigm that sees economic growth, social justice and environmental care advancing together can become the common sense of our age."Speech by Gordon Brown, New York, 20th April 2006

Higher education

In 2000, Brown started a major political row about higher education (referred to as the Laura Spence Affair) when he accused Oxford University of eli

ism in their admissions procedures [2].

He described their decision not to offer a place to state school pupil Laura Spence as "absolutely outrageous" and implied that their decision was based on her background rather than her academic potential. This started a major and hotly argued row in the media in which Oxford strongly denied these accusations.

With his comments, Brown can arguably be credited with raising widening participation to Higher Education higher up the political agenda. However, at the same time, many of his opponents said that Brown's comments were ill founded, including Lord Jenkins (then Chancellor of Oxford University) who said that "nearly every fact he used was false," and that said Brown's speech about Laura had been a "little Blitzkrieg in being an act of sudden unprovoked aggression" [3].

Prospects of succeeding Blair

This section documents a current event. Information may change rapidly as the event progresses.

Blair, under pressure from within his own party, announced on September 7 2006 that he would step down within a year.The New York Times, September 7, 2006[4] Brown has been the clear favourite to succeed Blair for several years and remains so with experts and the bookmakers; he is one of the few candidates spoken of seriously in Westminster. Recent appearances and news coverage have been interpreted as preparing the ground for Brown to become Prime Minister, in part by creating the impression of a statesman with a vision for leadership and global change. After the UK Local Government elections in May 2006, where Labour lost two-fifths of the councils they previously controlled, Brown has been accused of having used the failure of the Labour Party to advance his own cause for the leadership.

Were Brown to become Prime Minister, he would be the first from a Scottish constituency since the Conservative Sir Alec Douglas-Home. He would also be one the few university-educated Prime Ministers not to have attended Oxford or Cambridge, along with Lord Russell (Edinburgh), the Earl of Bute (Leiden) and Neville Chamberlain (Birmingham). [5].

On the 9 September 2006 Charles Clarke in an interview in The Daily Telegraph said the Chancellor has "psychological" issues that he must confront and accused him of being a "control freak" and "totally uncollegiate". Brown was also "deluded", he said, to think that Blair can and should anoint him as his successor now.The Daily Telegraph, 9 September, 2006[6]

The Labour defeat in the Dunfermline and West Fife 2006 by-election, after a campaign largely led by Brown in a constituency in which he lives, has cast doubt on his ability to win elections on his own without Blair wooing middle-class voters.

Brown in the media

Private Eye's "Born to be Queenie" and Michael Kelly's slash fiction "Friends and Enemas", portray a satirical sexual relationship between Blair and Brown. However, Brown denied being homosexual when he appeared on BBC Radio 4's Desert Island Discs:

Gordon Brown was shadow chancellor when the presenter Sue Lawley asked: "People want to know whether you're gay or whether there's some flaw in your personality that you haven't made a relationship."Media Guardian, Lawley to cast away from Desert Island Discs, April 13, 2006 Accessed 27 October 2006

Brown was played by David Morrissey in the Stephen Frears directed TV movie The Deal. In October 2006 Brown presented the lifetime achievement award to George Martin at the UK Music Hall of Fame awards.

Notes

1. Gordon Brown as Rector at Edinburgh University
2. BBC News
3. Boston Globe - Brown's views on global warming
4. 2005 election results page for Kirkcaldy & Cowdenbeath
5. Labour lose in Brown's home constituency?

References

Works

• Brown, Gordon (ed.); Wright, Tony (ed.) (1995). Values, Visions and Voices: An Anthology of Socialism. Mainstream Publishing. ISBN 1-85158-731-4.
• Brown, Gordon (1989). Where There's Greed: Margaret Thatcher and the Betrayal of Britain's Future. Mainstream Publishing. ISBN 1-85158-228-2.
• Brown, Gordon (ed.); Cook, Robin (ed.) (1987). Scotland: The Real Divide - Poverty and Deprivation in Scotland. Mainstream Publishing. ISBN 0-906391-18-0.
• Brown, Gordon (1986). Maxton: A Biography. Mainstream Publishing. ISBN 1-85158-042-5.

Biographies

• Peston, Robert (2005). Brown's Britain: How Gordon Runs the Show. Short Books. ISBN 1-904095-67-4.
• Bower, Tom (2003). Gordon Brown. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-717540-X.
• Keegan, William (2003). The Prudence of Mr Gordon Brown. John Wiley. ISBN 0-470-84697-6.
• Naughtie, James (2001). The Rivals: The Intimate Story of a Political Marriage. Fourth Estate. ISBN 1-84115-473-3.
• Routledge, Paul (1998). Gordon Brown: The Biography. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-81954-6.

Others

• Rawnsley, Andrew (2001). Servants of the people: The inside story of New Labour. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-027850-8.

See also

• Blair Brown Deal
• Cabinet of the United Kingdom
• 54th UK general election
• UK general election, 2005
• UK general election, 2001
• UK general election, 1997
• UK general election, 1992
• UK general election, 1987
• UK general election, 1983

External links

• HM Treasury - Rt Hon Gordon Brown MP, Chancellor of the Exchequer
• 10 Downing Street - Chancellor of the Exchequer, The Rt Hon Gordon Brown MP
• Guardian Unlimited Politics - Ask Aristotle: Gordon Brown MP
• TheyWorkForYou.com - Gordon Brown
• BBC News - Tour diary: Gordon Brown in Africa January 2005 trip about his 'Marshall plan for Africa'
• Open Directory Project - Gordon Brown directory category
• Budget Speech - A review of the man's budget speeches.
• Observer: How Gordon Brown become the most powerful Chancellor in history